Patterns of family responses to alcohol and tobacco problems

Patterns of family response to drinking and smoking were studied in a sample of 1034 adults in Ontario in 1993. Concerning tobacco smoking, 69% of respondents reported having said something to a relative and 82% to a friend; concerning drinking, 46% had said something to a relative and 65% to a friend. Having said something did not vary much with the respondent's age, educational level and smoking or drinking status, except that current smokers were less likely than others to have said something to a friend or acquaintance, while heavier drinkers were more likely to have said something to a friend or acquaintance, and ex-drinkers were more likely to have said something to a relative. About half of all who had ever smoked reported a family member (57%) or a friend (47%) had said something to them about their smoking, compared with much smaller proportions of ever-drinkers who reported that a family member (14%) or a friend (8%) had ever said anything about their drinking. Both drinking and smoking are recognized by many respondents as imposing burdens on the family. Family members often comment on drinking and smoking, and make suggestions about cutting down or quitting.     

Treatment of defaecation problems in children: the role of education, demystification and toilet training

To evaluate the effect of education in children with chronic defaecation problems, a prospective 6-week intervention study was designed. A total of 54 children (5–14 years) underwent an education programme, with demystification of symptoms and advice about diet and toilet training. The present treatment was continued. After 6 weeks, children with persistent problems received biofeedback training with a follow up of 1 year. The intervention programme was successful in 8 children (15%). Biofeedback training was successful in 49% of the remaining group after 1 year. Conclusion A total of 15% of the children with chronic defaecation problems seen at a referral centre could surprisingly be helped by a simple education programme with, demystification and toilet training. Further studies evaluating treatment in children with defaecation problems should account for the primary effect of these measures. Received: 30 July 1996 and in revised form: 30 November 1996 / Accepted: 11 January 1997     

儿童期单纯肥胖症的行为治疗

为研究适合中国肥胖儿童的行为治疗方案及效果，对２４例（男女各１２例）１３岁单纯肥胖儿童进行３年行为治疗纵向研究。２４名同年龄、性别、年级非肥胖儿童为正常对照组。观测参数有身高、体重、四处皮脂、腰、臀围及其比例、有氧运动能力（最大耐受时间和运动距离）。体育测试成绩包括引体向上、跳远、８００米跑、仰卧起坐，满分为３０分。按运动处方每天运动２小时，每周５天。在医生指导下肥胖儿童写行为分析和行为矫正方案。有关肥胖指标年减少率（男／女）体脂含量为２３％～４２％，肥胖度２．８％～２．１％，腰／臀比２．５％～２．６％，四处皮脂和５．７％女０．８％～１．０％），有氧能力明显进步。体育成绩肥胖干预组３０％达满分，７０％为２７～２９分。肥胖对照组６０％为２０分，３０％为１５～１９分。提示儿童期单纯肥胖症的干预方案应以健康教育和运动处方为基础，行为治疗为核心技术；在家庭日常生活中持续进行，家长、教师、医务人员应共同参与。     

The dopamine D3 receptor antagonist nafadotride inhibits development of locomotor sensitization to amphetamine

Behavioral sensitization is a well-studied model of behavioral plasticity mediated at least in part by dopaminergic systems believed to play an important role in several psychiatric conditions. In the rodent, locomotion is regulated by the opposing balance of D3 and D2 receptors, with D2 activation increasing and D3 stimulation inhibiting locomotion. However, receptor occupancy of D3 dopamine receptors is far greater than D2 or D1 occupancy at typical post-stimulant dopamine concentrations. We therefore hypothesized that tolerance of D3 receptor inhibition of locomotion contributes to the development of sensitization. To test this hypothesis, we examined the effect of the D3 receptor antagonist nafadotride on sensitization. As predicted, nafadotride inhibits augmentation of the locomotion response to repetitive amphetamine. This finding is consistent with the proposed model of adaptive down-regulation of D3 dopamine receptor function contributing to the development of behavioral sensitization.     

对中学体育教学存在的问题及解决方法的探讨

该文运用文献资料研究方法,分析了中学体育教学的指导思想、内容、组织形式、评价体系等方面存在的问题,提出 了中学体育教学应构建科学的体育教学指导思想、更新体育教学内容、创造多种教学组织形式等诸方面的解决办 法,以使中学体育教学更适合素质教育的要求.     

Tobacco and Alcohol Use as an Explanation for the Association Between Externalizing Behavior and Illicit Drug Use Among Delinquent Adolescents

The prevalence and persistence of adolescent substance use and abuse is a national health issue, and substance use among adolescents is frequently comorbid with other psychiatric disorders. Most studies in this area utilize samples of middle or high school students or from inpatient settings. Less is known about substance use and psychiatric comorbidity among delinquent adolescents. The present study examined data from two cohorts of juvenile offenders collected over a 2-year period (n = 245, n = 299). Participants reported frequency of cigarette, alcohol, marijuana, and other substance use. Participants' parents completed a measure of behavior problems. Path analyses suggested that parental reports of externalizing problems were significantly related to self-reported substance use while parental reports of internalizing problems were not. Results also suggested that smoking and alcohol use act as mediators between externalizing problems and marijuana and other drug use. Although there were some mean differences by gender, the pattern of relationships amongst the variables did not differ by gender. Implications of the findings and future directions are discussed.     

Children of mothers with mental ilness: attachment, emotional and behavioural problems

This study describes the pattern of emotional and behavioural difficulties of children whose mothers have mental illness, and explores the relationship between children's behavioural and emotional difficulties and maternal perceptions of attachment. Thirteen mothers previously admitted to psychiatric hospital for mental illness completed a measure of their own symptoms (Brief Symptom Inventory), their children's emotional and behavioural problems (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ)), and attachment security (Parent/Child Reunion Inventory) (n = 21). Mean scores for child SDQ profiles were found to be within the 'normal' range, although (on some indices) mothers reported more 'case' scores for their children, than would be expected from standardized norms. It was found that there were significant positive correlations between 'insecurity' scores and all problem scales of the SDQ. Best predictors from the Parent/Child Reunion Inventory factors for each SDQ scale are reported and discussed.     

Intervention for a bilingual child with developmental speech problems

Cultural differences and bilingualism should not stand as obstacles in the intellectual and linguistic growth, as well as the social and the psychological potential, of bilingual children. So, the aim of the present study was the construction and the application of an intervention programme for the developmental speech problems of a bilingual, eight-year-old child. Moreover, the intervention intended for the improvement of his speech development and especially the enrichment of his vocabulary. The construction of the intervention programme was based on the scheduled treatment and the mnemonic improvement strategy, using the step-by-step evaluation as feedback for reconstruction of the next sessions. The intervention that could be applied by a teacher without special training was considered quite effective and should be able to further develop with some improvements.     

学生心理障碍影响因素Logistic回归分析

目的:探讨学生心理障碍的影响因素,为今后的干预提供科学依据。方法:应用SCL-90自评量表测评分析,采用1:2配比病例对照研究,对学生进行心理调查及艾森克人格(EPQ)问卷。结果:心理障碍组学生SCL-90各因子均分离于正常组,经Logistic回归分析,单因素分析选出9项因子(P<0.05),多因素分析有4项因素进入回归模型。结论:学生心理障碍与学生同家庭成员关系,父亲理解的程度,对学习的要求程度以及人格特征和个性特质有关。     

我国全科医学教育培训的现状及若干问题思考

发展全科医学教育和培训是我国卫生体制改革和医疗保障制度改革相配套的一项重大举措．通过对我国全科医学培训教育的形式及现状的分析和总结，提出目前我国的全科医学教育和培训在学习国外经验的基础上，要发展中国特色的全科医学教育，并加大在校医学生教育及农村卫生服务人员培训的力度。